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High investment costs of AI hinder integ…
Manipulation and control of information …

Informational and Communicational AI Risks

Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework

Wirtz, Weyerer & Kehl (2022)

SourceDOI
Category
Risk Domain
4Malicious Actors & Misuse
4.1Disinformation, surveillance, and influence at scale

Using AI systems to conduct large-scale disinformation campaigns, malicious surveillance, or targeted and sophisticated automated censorship and propaganda, with the aim of manipulating political processes, public opinion, and behavior.

"Informational and communicational AI risks refer particularly to informational manipulation through AI systems that influence the provision of information (Rahwan, 2018; Wirtz & Müller, 2019), AIbased disinformation and computational propaganda, as well as targeted censorship through AI systems that use respectively modified algorithms, and thus restrict freedom of speech."(p. 10)

Entity— Who or what caused the harm

Human

Due to a decision or action made by humans

AI system

Due to a decision or action made by an AI system

Other

Due to some other reason or is ambiguous

Intent— Whether the harm was intentional or accidental

Intentional

Due to an expected outcome from pursuing a goal

Unintentional

Due to an unexpected outcome from pursuing a goal

Other

Without clearly specifying the intentionality

Timing— Whether the risk is pre- or post-deployment

Pre-deployment

Occurring before the AI is deployed

Post-deployment

Occurring after the AI model has been trained and deployed

Other

Without a clearly specified time of occurrence

Sub-categories (4)

Manipulation and control of information provision (e.g., personalised adds, filtered news)

4.1 Disinformation, surveillance, and influence at scale
OtherIntentionalPost-deployment

Disinformation and computational propaganda

4.1 Disinformation, surveillance, and influence at scale
HumanIntentionalPost-deployment

Censorship of opinions expressed in the Internet restricts freedom of expression

5.2 Loss of human agency and autonomy
OtherOtherPost-deployment

Endangerment of data protection through AI cyberattacks

4.2 Cyberattacks, weapon development or use, and mass harm
HumanIntentionalPost-deployment

Other risks from Wirtz, Weyerer & Kehl (2022) (37)

Economic AI Risks

6.2 Increased inequality and decline in employment quality
OtherOtherPost-deployment

Economic AI Risks > Disruption of economic systems (e.g., labour market, money value, tax system)

6.3 Economic and cultural devaluation of human effort
HumanUnintentionalPost-deployment

Economic AI Risks > Replacement of humans and unemployment due to AI automation

6.2 Increased inequality and decline in employment quality
HumanIntentionalPost-deployment

Economic AI Risks > Loss of supervision and control of business processes

5.2 Loss of human agency and autonomy
OtherOtherPost-deployment

Economic AI Risks > Financial feasibility and high investment costs for AI technology to remain competitive

6.1 Power centralization and unfair distribution of benefits
HumanOtherPost-deployment

Economic AI Risks > Lack of AI strategy and acceptance/resistance among employees and customers

6.1 Power centralization and unfair distribution of benefits
HumanIntentionalPost-deployment
View all 37 risks from this paper →