Cyber offense
Using AI systems to develop cyber weapons (e.g., by coding cheaper, more effective malware), develop new or enhance existing weapons (e.g., Lethal Autonomous Weapons or chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosives), or use weapons to cause mass harm.
"Cyber risks, especially in the context of cyber offense, are an existing threat that may be exacerbated by AI. [108] demonstrated that teams of LLM agents can exploit zero-day vulnerabilities when given a description of the vulnerability and toy capture-the-flag problems. While cyber risks are not typically regarded as catastrophic, [3] argues that cyberwarfare is an underappreciated risk that poses a credible threat of catastrophic harm."(p. 8)
Other risks from Chin (2025) (5)
CBRN
4.2 Cyberattacks, weapon development or use, and mass harmSudden loss of control
7.1 AI pursuing its own goals in conflict with human goals or valuesGradual loss of control
5.2 Loss of human agency and autonomyEnvironmental risk
6.6 Environmental harmGeopolitical risk
6.4 Competitive dynamics