Programming error

Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework

Wirtz, Weyerer & Kehl (2022)

Sub-category

Entity: Who or what caused the harm

Human

Due to a decision or action made by humans

AI system

Due to a decision or action made by an AI system

Other

Due to some other reason or is ambiguous

Intent: Whether the harm was intentional or accidental

Intentional

Due to an expected outcome from pursuing a goal

Unintentional

Due to an unexpected outcome from pursuing a goal

Other

Without clearly specifying the intentionality

Timing: Whether the risk is pre- or post-deployment

Pre-deployment

Occurring before the AI is deployed

Post-deployment

Occurring after the AI model has been trained and deployed

Other

Without a clearly specified time of occurrence

Other risks from Wirtz, Weyerer & Kehl (2022) (37)

Informational and Communicational AI Risks

Informational and Communicational AI Risks > Manipulation and control of information provision (e.g., personalised adds, filtered news)

Informational and Communicational AI Risks > Disinformation and computational propaganda

Informational and Communicational AI Risks > Censorship of opinions expressed in the Internet restricts freedom of expression

Informational and Communicational AI Risks > Endangerment of data protection through AI cyberattacks

Economic AI Risks