Programming error

Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework

Wirtz, Weyerer & Kehl (2022)

Sub-category

Entity— Who or what caused the harm

Human

Due to a decision or action made by humans

AI system

Due to a decision or action made by an AI system

Other

Due to some other reason or is ambiguous

Intent— Whether the harm was intentional or accidental

Intentional

Due to an expected outcome from pursuing a goal

Unintentional

Due to an unexpected outcome from pursuing a goal

Other

Without clearly specifying the intentionality

Timing— Whether the risk is pre- or post-deployment

Pre-deployment

Occurring before the AI is deployed

Post-deployment

Occurring after the AI model has been trained and deployed

Other

Without a clearly specified time of occurrence

Other risks from Wirtz, Weyerer & Kehl (2022) (37)

Informational and Communicational AI Risks

Informational and Communicational AI Risks > Manipulation and control of information provision (e.g., personalised adds, filtered news)

Informational and Communicational AI Risks > Disinformation and computational propaganda

Informational and Communicational AI Risks > Censorship of opinions expressed in the Internet restricts freedom of expression

Informational and Communicational AI Risks > Endangerment of data protection through AI cyberattacks

Economic AI Risks