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Lack of AI strategy and acceptance/resis…
Increasing social inequality

Social AI Risks

Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework

Wirtz, Weyerer & Kehl (2022)

SourceDOI
Category
Risk Domain
6Socioeconomic & Environmental
6.2Increased inequality and decline in employment quality

Social and economic inequalities caused by widespread use of AI, such as by automating jobs, reducing the quality of employment, or producing exploitative dependencies between workers and their employers.

"Social AI risks particularly refer to loss of jobs (technological unemployment) due to increasing automation, reflected in a growing resistance by employees towards the integration of AI (Thierer et al., 2017; Winfield & Jirotka, 2018). In addition, the increasing integration of AI systems into all spheres of life poses a growing threat to privacy and to the security of individuals and society as a whole (Winfield & Jirotka, 2018; Wirtz et al., 2019)."(p. 10)

Entity— Who or what caused the harm

Human

Due to a decision or action made by humans

AI system

Due to a decision or action made by an AI system

Other

Due to some other reason or is ambiguous

Intent— Whether the harm was intentional or accidental

Intentional

Due to an expected outcome from pursuing a goal

Unintentional

Due to an unexpected outcome from pursuing a goal

Other

Without clearly specifying the intentionality

Timing— Whether the risk is pre- or post-deployment

Pre-deployment

Occurring before the AI is deployed

Post-deployment

Occurring after the AI model has been trained and deployed

Other

Without a clearly specified time of occurrence

Sub-categories (5)

Increasing social inequality

6.2 Increased inequality and decline in employment quality
HumanOtherPost-deployment

Privacy and safety concerns due to ubiquity of AI systems in economy and society (lack of social acceptance)

2.1 Compromise of privacy by leaking or correctly inferring sensitive information
HumanOtherPost-deployment

Hazardous misuse of AI systems bears danger to the society in public spaces (e.g., hacker attacks on autonomous weapons)

4.2 Cyberattacks, weapon development or use, and mass harm
HumanIntentionalPost-deployment

Lack of knowledge and social acceptance regarding AI

6.5 Governance failure
Not codedNot codedNot coded

Decreasing human interaction as AI systems assume human tasks, disturbing well-being

5.1 Overreliance and unsafe use
OtherUnintentionalPost-deployment

Other risks from Wirtz, Weyerer & Kehl (2022) (37)

Informational and Communicational AI Risks

4.1 Disinformation, surveillance, and influence at scale
OtherIntentionalPost-deployment

Informational and Communicational AI Risks > Manipulation and control of information provision (e.g., personalised adds, filtered news)

4.1 Disinformation, surveillance, and influence at scale
OtherIntentionalPost-deployment

Informational and Communicational AI Risks > Disinformation and computational propaganda

4.1 Disinformation, surveillance, and influence at scale
HumanIntentionalPost-deployment

Informational and Communicational AI Risks > Censorship of opinions expressed in the Internet restricts freedom of expression

5.2 Loss of human agency and autonomy
OtherOtherPost-deployment

Informational and Communicational AI Risks > Endangerment of data protection through AI cyberattacks

4.2 Cyberattacks, weapon development or use, and mass harm
HumanIntentionalPost-deployment

Economic AI Risks

6.2 Increased inequality and decline in employment quality
OtherOtherPost-deployment
View all 37 risks from this paper →