AI harms animals due to mistake or misadventure in the way the AI operates in practice

Example: "precision livestock farming systems malfunction or operate in unintentional ways that harm animals"(p. 12)

"Consider a black-box AI system that provides too much or too little food or medicine to an animal in an automated environment such as a farm, zoo, or home without providing an understandable explanation for its actions (Miller, 2019). Such errors may only be discovered later (if at all) when animals get sick or sicker, by which time harm has been done."(p. 18)

"Future harm could result from AI operating with relatively high intelligence and autonomy in achieving its goals (Russell, 2019). Stuart Russell half humorously suggests that a robot chef which runs out of meat might decide to cook the cat (Havens, 2015). But something vaguely similar might occur and is worth pre-empting. For example, an advanced robot on a fruit and vegetable farm may decide to destroy small animals that enter the farm by ‘reasoning’ that they threaten the valuable produce."(p. 19)