Societal and Cultural
"Societal and Cultural - Harms affecting the functioning of societies, communities and economies caused directly or indirectly by the use or misuse technology systems."(p. 9)
Human
Due to a decision or action made by humans
AI system
Due to a decision or action made by an AI system
Other
Due to some other reason or is ambiguous
Not coded
Intentional
Due to an expected outcome from pursuing a goal
Unintentional
Due to an unexpected outcome from pursuing a goal
Other
Without clearly specifying the intentionality
Not coded
Pre-deployment
Occurring before the AI is deployed
Post-deployment
Occurring after the AI model has been trained and deployed
Other
Without a clearly specified time of occurrence
Not coded
Sub-categories (11)
Cheating/plagiarism
"Cheating/plagiarism - Use of another person’s or group’s words or ideas without consent and/or acknowledgement."
4.3 Fraud, scams, and targeted manipulationCultural dispossession
"Cultural dispossession - Intentional and/or unintentional erasure of cultural goods and values, such as ways of speaking, expressing humour, or sounds and voices that contribute to a cultural identity, or their inappropriate re-use in other cultures."
6.3 Economic and cultural devaluation of human effortHistorical revisionism
"Historical revisionism - Deliberate or unintentional reinterpretation of established/orthodox historical events or accounts held by societies, communities, academics."
3.0 MisinformationInformation degradation
"Information degradation - Creation or spread of false, hallucinatory, low-quality, misleading, or inaccurate information that degrades the information ecosystem and causes people to develop false or inaccurate perceptions, decisions and beliefs; or to lose trust in accurate information."
3.2 Pollution of information ecosystem and loss of consensus realityJob loss/losses
"Job loss/losses - Replacement/displacement of human jobs by a technology system, leading to increased unemployment, inequality, reduced consumer spending, and social friction."
6.2 Increased inequality and decline in employment qualityLabour exploitation
"Labour exploitation - Use of under-paid and/or offshore labour to develop, manage or optimise a technology system."
6.2 Increased inequality and decline in employment qualityLoss of creativity/critical thinking
"Loss of creativity/critical thinking - Devaluation and/or deterioration of human creativity, artistic ex- pression, imagination, critical thinking or problem-solving skills."
6.3 Economic and cultural devaluation of human effortStereotyping
"Stereotyping - Derogatory or otherwise harmful stereotyping or homogenisation of individuals, groups, societies or cultures due to the mis-representation, over-representation, under-representation, or non- representation of specific identities, groups, or perspectives."
1.0 Discrimination & ToxicitySocietal destabilisation
"Societal destabilisation - Societal instability in the form of strikes, demonstrations and other types of civil unrest caused by loss of jobs to technology, unfair algorithmic outcomes, disinformation, etc."
6.2 Increased inequality and decline in employment qualitySocietal inequality
"Societal inequality - Increased difference in social status or wealth between individuals or groups caused or amplified by a technology system, leading to the loss of social and community wellbeing/cohesion and destabilisation."
6.2 Increased inequality and decline in employment qualityViolence/armed conflict
"Violence/armed conflict - Use or misuse of a technology system to incite, facilitate or conduct cyberattacks, security breaches, lethal, biological and chemical weapons development, resulting in violence and armed conflict."
4.2 Cyberattacks, weapon development or use, and mass harmOther risks from Abercrombie2024 (53)
Autonomy
5.2 Loss of human agency and autonomyAutonomy > Autonomy/agency loss
5.2 Loss of human agency and autonomyAutonomy > Impersonation/identity theft
4.3 Fraud, scams, and targeted manipulationAutonomy > IP/copyright loss
4.3 Fraud, scams, and targeted manipulationAutonomy > Personality rights loss
5.2 Loss of human agency and autonomyFinancial and business
4.3 Fraud, scams, and targeted manipulation