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Erosion of trust in public information
Loss of creativity / critical thinking

Overburdening ecosystems

A Closer Look at the Existing Risks of Generative AI: Mapping the Who, What, and How of Real-World Incidents

Li et al. (2025)

SourceDOI
Sub-category
Risk Domain
3Misinformation
3.2Pollution of information ecosystem and loss of consensus reality

Highly personalized AI-generated misinformation creating “filter bubbles” where individuals only see what matches their existing beliefs, undermining shared reality, weakening social cohesion and political processes.

"Pollution of a space/ecosystem that is expected to be free of AI involvement/influence (e.g., creative material submission portals, job applications)"

Entity— Who or what caused the harm

Human

Due to a decision or action made by humans

AI system

Due to a decision or action made by an AI system

Other

Due to some other reason or is ambiguous

Intent— Whether the harm was intentional or accidental

Intentional

Due to an expected outcome from pursuing a goal

Unintentional

Due to an unexpected outcome from pursuing a goal

Other

Without clearly specifying the intentionality

Timing— Whether the risk is pre- or post-deployment

Pre-deployment

Occurring before the AI is deployed

Post-deployment

Occurring after the AI model has been trained and deployed

Other

Without a clearly specified time of occurrence

Other risks from Li et al. (2025) (40)

Autonomy

5.2 Loss of human agency and autonomy
OtherOtherOther

Autonomy > Impersonation / identity theft

4.3 Fraud, scams, and targeted manipulation
HumanIntentionalPost-deployment

Misinformation Harms

3.1 False or misleading information
AI systemOtherPost-deployment

Representation and Toxicity

1.0 Discrimination & Toxicity
AI systemUnintentionalPost-deployment

IP / copyright / personality / rights loss

4.3 Fraud, scams, and targeted manipulation
HumanIntentionalPost-deployment

Autonomy / agency loss

5.2 Loss of human agency and autonomy
OtherOtherOther
View all 40 risks from this paper →