Confidentiality loss
AI systems that memorize and leak sensitive personal data or infer private information about individuals without their consent. Unexpected or unauthorized sharing of data and information can compromise user expectation of privacy, assist identity theft, or cause loss of confidential intellectual property.
"Unauthorised sharing of sensitive, confidential information and documents such as corporate strategy and financial plans with third-parties, risking loss of market position or revenue"
Human
Due to a decision or action made by humans
AI system
Due to a decision or action made by an AI system
Other
Due to some other reason or is ambiguous
Not coded
Intentional
Due to an expected outcome from pursuing a goal
Unintentional
Due to an unexpected outcome from pursuing a goal
Other
Without clearly specifying the intentionality
Not coded
Pre-deployment
Occurring before the AI is deployed
Post-deployment
Occurring after the AI model has been trained and deployed
Other
Without a clearly specified time of occurrence
Not coded
Other risks from Li et al. (2025) (40)
Autonomy
5.2 Loss of human agency and autonomyAutonomy > Impersonation / identity theft
4.3 Fraud, scams, and targeted manipulationMisinformation Harms
3.1 False or misleading informationRepresentation and Toxicity
1.0 Discrimination & ToxicityIP / copyright / personality / rights loss
4.3 Fraud, scams, and targeted manipulationAutonomy / agency loss
5.2 Loss of human agency and autonomy